Archive for the ‘Uncategorized’ category

Medical Tourism and Savings

February 28th, 2011

A lot of people find their local plastic surgery and health care costs so high as compared to its counterparts abroad. In fact, there are a lot of Americans who already had their cosmetic surgeries and even dental surgeries done overseas just to save on cost. Likewise, more and more industries of this category are opening up in developing nations. However, how much do we really know about medical tourism? And how has this industry grown over the years?

For some people with seemingly complex diseases like cancer, cysts and diabetes, they find alternative health care programs abroad. China, for example, is home to many cancer-targeted programs and even if some of these programs are not 100% recommended by the Western experts, they have worked for more than 90% of those who availed them. So really, traveling for the sake of getting better treatments have already gone mainstream. However, to travel for cheaper treatments, this is quite a new idea.

One of the major proponents of medical tourism is the boom of the Internet. Before, we didn’t feel safe going to a different place to arrange our treatments because we didn’t see the positive results of past surgeries and it was difficult to discuss the possibility with a foreign center because of the high costs of communication. Today, you can do long distance coordination through chat, email, cheaper phone calls, video calls and you can even conduct e-conferences online. Most medical tourism services companies claim that the boom has reached more than double, when the Internet went full blast.

Many medical experts agree to the efficiency of most overseas-offered treatments, as long as the practitioners are licensed ones and the hospital where the surgeries are done have good sanitary measures. Some patients are very conscious about the quality of the health care that they get, especially if it’s offered at a much lower price and is located at a less developed country. Let us not forget, however, that more than one fourth of the medical practitioners in the United States and Europe are foreign-born so really, we should be very open to entrusting our health to other nationalities.

It is also advised that you must not scrimp on research if you are thinking of getting a surgery overseas. Go to online forums and ask away. Solicit advice from your friends and relatives. Study “packages” well. Some hospitals/ cosmetic surgery service providers have packaged treatments that lets you save on the total cost of your desired treatment. Don’t be overwhelmed by its low price or its freebies. At the end of the day, remember that you will be entrusting your health to your choice institution.

And now that medical tourism has also gone big, more and more hospitals are investing in this endeavor. Hospitals admit that whenever they have a patient that came from a different country, they tend to give the best quality of care. If the patient’s experience is good, it could open up a whole new market, if it’s bad, then this patient can just go to media and they will be blacklisted from the medical tourism industry.

Today, more and more hospitals are loosening up and also invest in marketing their medical tourism services. Guess we’ll all look forward to a better quality-based, marketing-fortified health care system from now on.

Alternative Healing Methods – Let Deep Healing Be Yours

February 26th, 2011

Is Alternative Healing For You?

Alternative healing methods thrive within the field of holistic healing. Depending on your needs, some holistic health approaches can be used as alternatives to mainstream medicine. A therapy that is used to replace traditional medicine is called “alternative healing.”

Six Sensational Benefits of Alternative Healing

  • Some alternative health methods can be very gentle. Because of this, they can help manage extreme pain and be beneficial for patients in pre and post surgery.
  • Alternative therapies may transcend some of the limits of modern medicine.
  • Alternative treatments can bring new hope for healing stubborn ailments.
  • There are no side effects with many alternative natural healing methods.
  • With some healing approaches like energy healing, you may be able to feel some immediate benefits.
  • Some healing therapy can be done on the self. (And self healing can be learned.)

Four Popular Alternative Healing Methods:

Energy Healing: Reiki, Healing Touch, and Pranic Healing are all energy healing methods. The field of energy medicine is growing – healthfully! This alternative healing method works using the idea that we are we are ultimately made up of quantum energy. Your energy can be influenced by universal energy and other energetic biofields (or auras). The goal is to restore balance to your energy centers and strengthen them.

Body Work: massage therapy,the Rosen Method, and Craniosacral therapy fall into this category. Massage by itself can be deeply soothing, which can help the body heal. Also, one of the theories behind body work is that memory is stored in our muscle tissue and that it can be released and healed with body work. This can lead to emotional, mental and physical healing.

Chinese Medicine: can help with pain management, depression, stress and insomnia. Some of the main methods of treatment include: acupuncture, acupressure, herbal medicine, diet therapy, and qigong (a form of meditative exercise). Acupuncture works by having a doctor insert fine disposable needles at key meridians or energy points along your body. This may help dissolve energy blocks and help your body heal itself.

Ayurvedic Medicine: treats the whole person through a holistic assessment. In Ayurveda, your treatment is based on which “dosha” or body type you are. Once you have been assessed, purification and rebalancing of your specific dosha is recommended. Changes in diet, fitness and sleeping habits tailored to your particular body type may be recommended with this ancient East Indian medical practice.

Usage of CPF Medisave in Malaysia Hospitals and Medical Centers

February 24th, 2011

Less than 1 year since our initial posting, the Singapore Government acted fast and in Feb 2010, the Ministry of Health (MOH) declared officially that Singaporeans will be able to use CPF Medisave for payment in 12 hospitals/medical centers in Malaysia starting 1st March 2010. The nearest of these 12 hospitals/medical centers to Singapore is the Regency Specialist Hospital located in Johor Bahru (Regency is just an hour’s drive from Singapore or just 25 minutes away from the Johor Bahru CIQ).

With the medical bills in Malaysian hospitals expected to be some 20%-35% cheaper compared to Singapore hospitals, this is good news for Singapore citizens who now have an alternative in managing escalating health care costs. To top it up, these 12 hospitals and medical centers in Malaysia are actually owned by 2 health care group in Singapore: Health Management International (HMI) and Parkway Holdings. Expect a certain standard of medical health-care and facilities to be provided.

For example, Regency’s patient care facilities and medical equipment are comparable to Singapore hospitals. It has the latest state of the art medical and diagnostic equipment including a 64 multi-slice Computerized Tomographic (“CT”) Scanner and 1.5 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imager (“MRI”) from General Electric (“GE”). In addition, its new Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory (“Cath Lab”) adds to the comprehensive range of cardiac care treatments for those experiencing acute coronary symptoms in need of cardiac catheterization, angioplasty, stent, balloon or pacemaker implantation.

The listing below shows the 12 medical centers and hospitals currently approved by the Ministry of Health for usage of CPF Medisave.

HEALTH MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL (HMI)

Referral centre: Balestier Clinic and Health Screening Centre (221 Balestier Road, #03-04 ROCCA Balestier)
Referred to:
1. Regency Specialist Hospital (Johor Baru)
2. Mahkota Medical Centre (Malacca)
PARKWAY HOLDINGS

Referral centre: East Shore Hospital (321 Joo Chiat Place)
Referred to:
1. Gleneagles Intan Medical Centre (Kuala Lumpur)
2. Pantai Hospital Kuala Lumpur
3. Pantai Hospital Cheras
4. Pantai Hospital Ampang
5. Pantai Hospital Klang
6. Pantai Hospital Ipoh
7. Pantai Hospital Ayer Keroh
8. Pantai-Hospital Penang
9. Pantai-Hospital Batu Pahat
10. Pantai-Hospital Sungai Petani

Alternative Therapies & Medicines

February 22nd, 2011

Alternative health/medicine is a branch of healing methodologies used by various peoples the world over for the treatment of illness, pain management, and accompanying symptoms. Alternative health practitioners believe in the close interrelation between body, mind, and spirit and the relationship between these that form the groundwork for holistic health.

Alternative healing is based predominantly on the “natural healing model” which emphasizes the use of natural herbs, foods, exercise, and energy healing or indigenous therapies to promote health. They are generally non-invasive and nature based and can include anything from aromatherapy, acupuncture, acupressure, magnetic therapy, yoga, meditation, and many other techniques used by civilizations for thousands of years. Many modern cultures continue to use alternative treatment to complement modern medical treatment as these traditions are steeped in cultural traditions and/or because of the high cost of Westernized medicine and pharmaceuticals; and, because they work. In fact, Dr. Andrew Weil, a prominent American medical doctor, is popularizing a growing form of Western medicine called Integrated Medicine. This new way of thinking is a beautiful marriage between traditional and indigenous therapies, modern energy healing, and Western medicine.

Why is it called complementary and alternative medicine?

Thousands of years ago, these were the only known treatments prior to the discovery of penicillin, antibiotics, and all other modern medical treatments used in medical institutions today. Alternative Medicine is the original medicine. However, the advent of modern medical treatments pushed aside the use of these types of therapies but they are now coming back due to the short-comings of modern medicine to provide healing in many circumstances (especially when dealing with chronic pain and illness) and the revolutionary discoveries in quantum science. These quantum studies are once again starting to validate indigenous and alternative therapies and, when used alone or in place of conventional treatments, they are known as complementary and alternative medicine.

What is holistic medicine?

Many of these alternative medicine treatments emphasize the interrelation of the mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects of health that are what make up whole person. These parts of the human condition when in harmony create a state of health in the individual. When one part of the system is thrown out of balance or “falls apart” then the other two are forced to overcompensate and over a period of time they too also fail or are deeply affected – hence the reason for using holistic health treatment. Holistically speaking, the part of the person that is in illness can be healed by building up or strengthening the other parts thus taking the pressure off the ill part and allowing the it to heal more effectively. For example, a stressed out and overworked body can be healed by alleviating mental or emotional stress thus letting the body function more readily and to rest more easily. As we know, a stressed mind leads to a stressed out body.

Alternative medical systems are built upon complete systems of theory and practice. Most of these practices evolved way before the discovery of conventional medical approaches. However, many alternative medical systems have been developed in Western cultures within the last century, including homeopathic medicine and naturopathic medicine. Systems originating from the East and popularized as modern alternative treatments are traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurvedic Medicine.

Mind-Body based therapies utilize various techniques aimed to enhance the mind’s capacity to stimulate natural healing, affect bodily functions, and alleviate symptoms. Many, if not all of these, are rooted in healing practices that came from cultures existing thousands of years ago. Often, they were first used in Eastern cultures and have become mainstream. Practices such as the many forms of yoga now practiced all around the world are good examples of this. Other alternative therapies of this kind are meditation, Reiki, Pranic Healing, hypnosis, and emerging therapies that use creative media (art, dance, and music) such as art therapy, movement therapy and sound or music therapy.

Manipulative and Body-based techniques that are considered alternative therapies are Alexander Technique, Rolfing or Structural Integration, Cranial Sacral, and chiropractic. It’s important to recognize that chiropractic care just a few years ago was looked upon as dangerous and fringe medicine. All types of massage from Thai to Swedish and everything in between also fall under this category.

Biological Based Therapies make use of substances naturally found in nature including herbs, foods, and vitamins and plant and animal matter. The popular use of dietary supplements, vitamins, and herbal products, including other natural medicines fall into this category. Scientist are constantly proving that certainly foods, vitamins, minerals, etc. are useful in fighting disease such as the broccoli cancer connection or the wine heart attack connection. Often, indigenous food, mineral, vitamin therapies have a 50/50 track record in their effectiveness such as the debunked idea that shark fin can cure cancer or the successful re-discovery of anti-oxidant foods for alkalizing the body.

Energy Therapies intend to target the energy fields that are found all over the human body. These are often referred to as Chakras and the quantum scientist Candace Pert is using the Scientific Method to map and further understand these energy centers with us. These therapies aim at manipulating bio-electric fields or currents within the body through the application of pressure, manipulating the body, or even needles (as in acupuncture). It is thought that the body has a steady even flow of energy moving through it and when an illness occurs this flow is either decreased, diverted, reduced, or overly stimulated thus causing disease. Qi Gong, Thai-Chi, Therapeutic Touch, and Reiki are examples of this natural health therapy.

Mainstream Studies on Natural Health Flawed

February 20th, 2011

Recent headlines from an Oregon State University study asserted “Vitamin E trials ‘fatally flawed” and the following story detailed how most studies on Vitamin E have been flawed to the point of being essentially worthless. Here are some excerpts:

CORVALLIS, Ore. – Generations of studies on vitamin E may be largely meaningless, scientists say, because new research has demonstrated that the levels of this micronutrient necessary to reduce oxidative stress are far higher than those that have been commonly used in clinical trials. The continuation of this news release can be found in the Eureka Alert publication.

In a new study and commentary in Free Radical Biology and Medicine, researchers concluded that the levels of vitamin E necessary to reduce oxidative stress are four to eight times higher than those used in almost all past clinical trials.

This could help explain the inconsistent results of many vitamin E trials for its value in preventing or treating cardiovascular disease, said Balz Frei, professor and director of the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University, and co-author of the new commentary along with Jeffrey Blumberg, at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University.

‘The methodology used in almost all past clinical trials of vitamin E has been fatally flawed,’ said Frei, one of the world’s leading experts on antioxidants and disease.”

Such news comes as no surprise to natural health advocates, but the public announcement of the results is surprising because it spotlights a common failure of testing natural alternatives that has gone on for decades: namely, testing dosage amounts well below the therapeutic level,

Many believe that testing such low dosage amounts, along with other flaws such as testing inferior or incorrect forms of the item being studied, studying only an isolated vitamin, mineral or compound without the supporting compounds found in nature are the result of looking at the minimum RDA amounts recommended to maintain good health instead of the therapeutic amounts needed to address illness and disease – as well as the fact that only synthetic creations, altered natural compounds and uniquely isolated compounds are patentable.

There is no economic incentive for industry to fund expensive studies and trials of something they cannot patent, have a good chance of recovering their study and trial costs, and then going on to reap large profits that can run into the billions of dollars. On a darker side, there are many who suggest that such profits are behind a great number of flawed industry funded studies on vitamins, minerals, & botanicals – in other words, the studies are purposely designed to show poor results in order to ward off natural competition that might be safer, more effective and/or much less expensive.

The public and our doctors have been told over and over again that natural alternative such as vitamins, minerals and botanical compounds provided by nature are inferior to what man creates in our labs and such flawed studies are what are often pointed to for justification. If the studies are flawed, by design or not, it becomes a self fulfilling prophecy. Such suspicions of the motives behind flawed studies are magnified when one looks at the apparent agenda of the FDA and those behind the push for adoption of a North American Union kind of agreement modeled after the European Union model, which limits access to only a select group of natural vitamins, minerals and supplements at dosage levels far below what is effective.

It is this author’s opinion that we should never fail to keep in mind that the people behind these studies have a vested stake in a trillion dollar plus annual industry and a track record of taking no prisoners when it comes to competition. These are, after all, the same people who trotted doctors and scientists before congress for four decades to testify that vitamins had no benefit and were even harmful, before finally giving in to a mountain of evidence they could not hide. These are also the same people who assured us of the safety of Vioxx, Bextra, Allieve, Avandia, Gardasil, Fosamax, mercury vaccines, mercury amalgam fillings, and a long, long line of past and present drugs associated with dangerous side effects, including large numbers of deaths.

The same group of vested interest, despite over half a century of abject failure in the war on cancer, still maintain that cutting out, burning out and poisoning out symptoms is superior to addressing the underlying causes and natural prevention. And, when you get down to it, it was pretty much the same group that assured us for generations that cigarettes were harmless.

It was a welcome surprise to many to see a mainstream study point out the failures of how vitamins and other natural therapeutics have been tested. Too bad we don’t see such information constantly paraded before the masses on television and in journals, popular magazines and newspapers instead of the barrage of “Ask Your Doctor” ads clearly designed to condition the viewers into entering the wonderful world of managed illness.

Medical Insurance Or Health — How To Enjoy Cheaper Rates

February 18th, 2011

Are you thinking of how to reduce your medical insurance or health rates? If you’re shopping for lower rates for superior coverage then you should be aware of some simple things that could save you much. Here are some…

1. A group health expense sharing plan is an alternative way to lower your rate. A group expense sharing plan is a plan where a group of individuals come together to give themselves health insurance coverage.
Large churches and other large organizations are places where you can easily find these groups.

Each normally fashions its own policy terms and determine the type and level of coverage members are given. Try to locate groups like this and find out if any of them will meet your individual health care needs. You will pay far less if you locate one that you can join.

2. There are state plans for kids that will spend if you use them for your kids. However, not everyone is eligible to use such state plans. These plans are usually either free or cost very little. These plans can reduce your expenses by a huge margin if your kid has a special illness that will make you spend much if you insure them with private insurance companies.

3. No-appointment ambulatory care centers or emergi-centers will as well help you reduce your rates. This is especially so if you’re generally healthy and find it a little difficult to pay for traditional health insurance. Check to see if your community has a center like this.

4. If you need the very best in health insurance then you’d have to do thorough shopping. And the easiest way to start is to ask trusted acquaintances what their experiences with their insurers are.

It’s also a good way of getting the best value as you would be basing your choice on user experience and not any form of sales copy. An acquaintance is very likely to tell you if they had a rough experience with a company.

Medical Care – Methods for Getting Medical Care Without Health Insurance

February 16th, 2011

You will find countless People in America who are living without having medical health insurance. This is often due to joblessness or lack of employment, or perhaps a minimum spending work, or company isn’t going to provide them with health advantages. Listed below are ten ideas for getting medical care without having health insurance.

1. Take a listing in the doctors together with dental practitioners in your area that you’d like to have to be a doctor. A number of doctors might not exactly agree to patients with out insurance consequently always be versatile using the alternate options which may be generated for medical doctors, dental offices, clinical function, hospital solutions, and prescriptions.

2. Investigate community medical together with teeth schools to know whether they have an incredible hospital center. Medical universities usually currently have cheaper charges when compared to a doctor that’s currently in practice. The particular younger doctors obtain only determined the contemporary understanding inside their region. However, because they are going to be brand-new, they are often monitored through qualified specialists. A lot of health-care universities are designed for sufferers with out medical health insurance.

3. Easy use in the group of required physicians a standard practitioner or doctor, the dental practice, an orthodontist for those who have youngsters, and a consultant you probably have a specific health problem.

4. Speak to your doctor’s business office and obtain to talk to work manager. Get their personal insurance coverage concerning getting brand new patients without having health insurance in addition to the quantity of the first appointment charge. Ask if these are saying yes to brand new individuals at the moment along with the period of time prior to primary check out. Write down this particular information on your checklist.

5. Pare their email checklist to potential customer physicians who will provide medical treatment without having health insurance. Look into the physicians training and experience on the internet.

6. Analyze the track record. Examine education, understanding, and the doctor appointment cost. If you don’t possess a auto, next prune the track record to individuals physicians as well as dental offices who are on or maybe near to the coach lessons. As a final point, determine which doctors you should choose to rely on for the health-care and dental care.

7. Result in the session while using the physician of your deciding on. It isn’t unusual to attend around Four-six many weeks for the new sufferer visit. You will not desire to delay this specific expanded if you’re sick and tired consider getting set up nowadays. When you do you may be not well along with harm you can actually obtain slated quickly for just about any regular check out just as one formerly confirmed sufferer.

8. Ask for any kind of office staff whether they’d like to recommend a low-cost laboratory with regard to bloodstream function and many others because you are leaving behind the surgeon’s workplace round the original visit. They regularly assist sufferers that will be fighting fiscally and will be capable of offer tips.

9. Make contact with the neighborhood colleges which often coach college student’s easy methods to grow to be laboratory specialists. Frequently these people use people and definitely will have reduce costs. This kind of methods will help you to acquire medical act on an appropriate cost without having health insurance.

10. Decide to acquire care at the dental organization for many kinds of dental care operate. The particular charges in dental hygiene universities are usually reduce which a dentist in special exercise and all of the job is carried out in a supervised establishing. If you don’t stay near to the dental hygiene school, ask your dentist when he has a repayment schedule. Lots of dental practices will certainly do this if you perhaps might produce a down payment for their companies.

Learn More About Alternative Health

February 14th, 2011

From psoriasis to dysentery, alternative medicine is known to have a cure to all of these. Today, with a plethora of holistic therapies that is available to us and with each being a lot different from the others, it becomes all too important to keep abreast of the latest developments taking place in this field. Which is exactly what The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine or NCCAM is up to.

Part of the US National Institutes of Health, it is engaged in research and training on health topics that people are most concerned about and to make the public as well as professionals aware of relevant facts. The institute can be found online at nccam.nih.gov that has an exhaustive array of information on issues such as current clinical trials, research funding opportunities as well as continuing education series that all alternative health professionals will find immensely useful. All in all, a comprehensive site that can take care of all requirements of the consumers and definitely worth a look.

The site alternativemedicine.com carries a rich store of information concerning common health conditions like natural remedies, holistic health care, foods that have healing properties, as well as solutions and practical strategies aimed at promoting better health, self-care and prevention. This site specializes in alternative health medicine information that is simple in its application but highly effective. For instance, Seasonal Affective Disorder or SAD caused due to short winter days and less exposure to sunlight can be dealt with by undergoing tanning or light therapy for twenty minutes every morning, having a diet that is rich in protein and omega-3 along with including an outdoor exercise regime of any form whenever possible so as to boost serotonin levels from natural sunlight. And in severe cases, you might even consider relocating to a place that receives plenty of sunlight to get rid of the winter blues.

There are numerous online sites that can prove to be extremely beneficial in providing you with the most up to date information on a range of topics like alternative, Ayurvedic, aromatherapy, homeopathic, essential oils, flower remedies, herbs, and more alternative treatments and therapies. These sites include rich resources on topics like medical systems, practices, and products that may not be considered to be part of the conventional system of medicine as yet but are equally effective and which includes sections dealing with self-healing on spiritual lines.

The perfect combination of alternative medicine, supplements, vitamins, herbs, and nutrition with conventional medicine can be the right prescription for true health. And if you think you lack the necessary knowledge on these topics, you can always avail of health counseling facilities available online that will surely contribute to you feeling a lot healthier and achieve the right proportion and weight. You’ll also be in a better position to manage stress and become more energetic. These sites will enable you to make informed health decisions and adopt a truly holistic way of life.

Alternative Health and You

February 12th, 2011

Alternative medicine has long been used to treat a variety of conditions from psoriasis to dysentery. Today the amount of holistic therapies is staggering, and not all of it created equal, which is why it’s so important to keep up to date on the latest happenings in this rapidly growing field. The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) is a part of the US National Institutes of Health, which is undertaking research, training, and dissemination of data to the public and professionals regarding the most popular health topics. This is a comprehensive site that discusses at length what consumers should know about the latest in alternative health claims, and other consumer concerns and issues. Check out current clinical trials, research funding opportunities, and the continuing education series for all alternative health professionals.

A popular topic for this time of year is seasonal affective disorder or SAD, which results from shorter winter days and less sunlight. Decreased energy levels are a common complaint that can be reversed simply by tanning or light therapy for twenty minutes every morning, eating more protein and omega-3, and by squeezing in any type of outdoor exercise whenever possible to boost serotonin levels from the natural sunlight. In extreme cases it may even be worth relocating to a sunnier locale to avoid the winter blues altogether.

Find true health, and empower yourself to make informed nutritional decisions, holistically. Health resources with remedies A-Z for your alternative health needs can be found online for information on alternative, ayruvedic, aromatherapy, homeopathic, essential oils, flower remedies, herbs, and more alternative treatments and therapies. Also discover sites devoted to medical systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine, including sections for spiritual self-healing. It’s important to be knowledgeable about combining alternative medicine, supplements, vitamins, herbs, and nutrition with conventional medicine too, so be sure to advise your health care professional of everything. If you’re not sure where to start, health counseling is available online for your convenience for help to feel better in your body and achieve your ideal weight. This is also a great way to manage and reduce your stress, increase your energy levels, find healthier ways to eat, and take on a truly holistic approach to life.

Medical Centers And Hospital Radiation Exposure, Renewed Concerns

February 10th, 2011

Various recently published studies about the relationship between low dose radiation and cancer fanned again the discussion about risk and benefits of modern diagnostic techniques and in particular Computer Tomography (CT). According to an article recently published in IMAGE (Marie H. Meynadier, Vol. 21, no. 10 – March 10, 2008), it is predictable that in a few decades up to 2 percent of cancers in the United States could be linked to the administration of diagnostic x-rays, even if the ability to monitor the increase in cancer related to radiation exposure will be very difficult as radiation-induced cancer can take up to 20 years to develop.

Since many years the relationship between cancer development and radiation exposure has been studied and there are hundreds if not thousands of publications related to this topic. The problem is that a third of all people get cancer anyway, at some time in their lives, and hence it is quite difficult to find evidence that low doses of radiation cause cancers that would not have otherwise occurred. Even for the 80,000 to 90,000 survivors of the atomic bombs exploded over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, exposed to very large radiation doses, it has been hard to find a direct relationship between excess cancer development and radiation exposure. According to Japanese statistics, from the people who were exposed in 1945 (and did not die immediately) nearly half are still alive. A statistically significant increase in cancer was found at relatively high exposure level of 50 millisieverts (mSv is the unit commonly used to measure the effective dose in diagnostic medical procedures), which is about 16 times the current annual average for Americans from medical exams and about 21 times above the average natural background effective dose in the USA. But these numbers need to be analyzed with care. There is a controversy between scientists if levels below 50 mSv can be considered as safe and about the real (and statistically proven) rest-risk of low radiation exposure.

The most widely used mathematical model in estimating radiation risk is known as the linear-nonthreshold dose-respond model. This model assumes that there is no safe dose of radiation and that there is a linear and direct relation between cancer risk and genetic damage with radiation exposure. But this model is in discussion since a long time. For some scientists the linear model is the best way to estimate radiation risk, but for others there exist a threshold below which radiation poses no hazard to health.

It is not difficult to identify the most important sources of man-made or anthropogenic radiation. Most of the collective dose from diagnostic radiology comes from procedures such as CT, interventional radiology and barium enemas. Advances in radiological diagnostic technology have radically transformed medical practice in recent years and there has been a rapid increase particularly in the application of CT. Effective dose estimates of CT scans and nuclear medicine studies are in the range of 10 to 25 mSv for a single study, which is about 100 times larger than those from conventional radiological procedures such as chest x-rays. Although CT scanners contribute to only 12 percent of all medical radiation procedures, the number of CT scans is on the rise. In the United States for instance, no more than 3 million studies using CT were performed in 1980 and in 2006 this number was already above 60 million. Overall, the mean effective dose in the US from all medical x-rays has increased about seven-fold over this period and the situation in Europe is not very different. There are several scientific studies proving a relationship between small radiation doses and cancer formation.

One of these studies, already published in the year 2000 (Spine, Morin Doody et al, Volume 25(16) August 15, 2000), was conducted with 5,573 females aged 20 and younger from 14 orthopedic medical centers in the United States who had been diagnosed with scoliosis between 1912 and 1965. Scoliosis is a medical condition in which a person’s spine is curved from side to side, and may also be rotated. The goal of the study was to evaluate breast cancer mortality patterns among women with scoliosis and the risks associated with diagnostic radiographic exposure. Doody and coworkers showed that exposure to multiple diagnostic radiographic examinations during childhood and adolescence may increase the risk of breast cancer among women with scoliosis. Even if this study addresses radiology exams taken on older technology, the issue is still relevant, as scoliosis patients usually receive repeated radiographic exams and CT scans for therapy and treatment. As scoliosis generally is diagnosed even before adolescence, these susceptible young patients are already exposed to relatively high radiation doses during their growth period.